Archive for August 17, 2012


Politics, Legislation and Economy News

 

 Financial Corruption

 

Goldman Sachs Free to Keep Stealing

by Stephen Lendman
Goldman again got off scot-free. On August 9, the Justice Department dropped criminal fraud charges. Evidence the equivalent of enough firepower to sink a carrier battle group was buried and forgotten. More on what happened below.
“Fraud consists of some deceitful practice or willful device, resorted to with intent to deprive another of his right, or in some manner to do him an injury.”
It includes “all acts, omissions, and concealments which involve a breach of legal or equitable duty, trust, or confidence justly reposed, and are injurious to another, or by which an undue and unconscientious advantage is taken of another.”
The legal dictionary calls fraud:
“A false representation of a matter of fact – whether by words or by conduct, by false or misleading allegations, or by concealment of what should have been disclosed – that deceives and is intended to deceive another so that the individual will act upon it to her or his legal injury.”
Criminal and civil frauds differ by level of proof required. The former needs a “preponderance of evidence.” The latter must prove intent and be “beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Goldman settled SEC charges for pennies on the dollar. What a business. Steal a fortune. Pay a pittance back. Goldman writes it off as operating cost.
Wall Street’s business model reflects fraud and grand theft. Goldman steals with the best of them. Take away dirty money and the whole system collapses. It operates at the expense of investors and societies.
It profits hugely by swindling clients it calls “muppets.” Small time con artists rip off marks. Goldman loots on a grand scale. Even nations are plundered for profits. It makes money the old-fashioned way. It steal and get away with it unaccountably.
No avenue with potential is ignored. It’s an equal opportunity predator. Chairman/CEO Lloyd Blankfein calls it “doing God’s work.” Which one he didn’t say. The Supreme Court ruled he and other Wall Street giants are immune from clients pursuing security fraud charges. Washington alone can sue.
Wall Street’s culture encourages fraud. It’s rewarded handsomely  practically risk-free. The price for getting caught is chump change. It pales compared to fortunes stolen. Betting against Goldman faces long odds. Casino ones pay off better.
In April 2010, the SEC filed civil, not criminal, fraud charges. Goldman and one of its vice presidents was accused of defrauding  investors by misstating and omitting key facts about junk assets tied to subprime mortgages.
Huge profits were made as the housing market faced collapsed. Structured and marketed synthetic collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) paid off big. Their performance depended on subprime residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS).
Goldman withheld vital information from investors. Doing so let the firm and hedge fund investor John Paulson make huge profits. They correctly bet against the housing market. They were touting junk as safe investments that collapsed.
Charges involved violations of Section 17(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and Exchange Act Rule 10b-5. The SEC sought “injunctive relief, disgorgement of profits, prejudgment interest, and financial penalties.”
It settled for pennies on the dollar. It closed the books for $550 million. It amounted to about four 2009 revenue days. It hardly mattered. No executive was fined or imprisoned. Goldman was free to keep stealing. Headlines left details most vital to reveal unexplained. Only scammed clients understand.
In April 2011, the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations released a report on how banking giants, federal regulators, and credit rating agencies conspired to crash the subprime mortgage market.
Around 40% of it discussed Goldman. It sold an alphabet soup of securitized junk. Garbage included mortgaged-backed securities (MBSs), collateralized mortgage obligations (CMOs), and various other assets structured to fail.
Combined, they sliced, diced, packaged, repackaged, and sold them in tranches to sophisticated and ordinary investors. Many bought them unwittingly through mutual funds, 401(k)s, pensions, and other investments.
The Senate listed federal security law violations. Goldman wasn’t alone. Other major Wall Street banks conspired with financial partners to steal and get away with it. Justice Department officials and prosecutors got enough evidence to hang them.
Committee chairman Carl Levin said the panel’s two-year probe found “a financial snake pit rife with greed, conflicts of interest and wrongdoing.” He recommended prosecution. He added:
“In my judgment, Goldman clearly misled their clients and they misled Congress.”
On August 9, the Justice Department said it conducted “an exhaustive review of the report.” It concluded that “based on the law and evidence as they exist at this time, there is not a viable basis to bring a criminal prosecution with respect to Goldman Sachs or its employees in regard to the allegations set forth in the report.”
In other words, fraud charges don’t matter. Whatever Goldman does is OK. Stealing is how it does business. Obama officials find no fault. Goldman expressed relief it’s all over.
It knows Democrat and Republican Justice Department prosecutors won’t lay a glove on them. It’s free to make money by stealing it.
Its only obligation is regular campaign contribution kickbacks, insider trading tips, other ways for pols to profit and get rich, and financial officials like Bernanke, Geithner, and others at Treasury and the Fed getting sweet revolving door jobs out of Washington when or if they plan to leave.
Each side helps the other. Political and Wall Street crooks conspire to keep a sweet racket going. Corruption is a way of life. Congress, administrations, the judiciary, and scoundrel media go along. Laws are only for ordinary people. Predators are free to prey.
Accountability never mattered. Now it’s laughable on its face. Bad as things are now, expect much worse ahead. Massive fraud before 2007 crisis conditions exacerbated hard times. Far greater trouble looms. Financial wars lay waste like ravaging armies.
It’s the system, stupid. Profiteering from plunder is too repugnant to tolerate. It’s lawless, dysfunctional, and corrupt. It’s too far gone to fix. Building a world fit to live in requires tearing it down and starting over. Nothing less can work.
Stephen Lendman lives in Chicago and can be reached at lendmanstephen@sbcglobal.net.

 

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Health And Wellness Report

 

Medical Research

 

Afghan War veterans in danger of mysterious degenerative brain disease

(AFP Photo / Jose Cabezas)

(AFP Photo / Jose Cabezas)

 Doctors have discovered an incurable brain disease evident in a large number of soldiers returning from war, and estimate that as many as 250,000 US troops are at risk of being ravaged by the disorder next.

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy cannot be diagnosed or adequately treated yet, Col. Dallas Hack of the Army’s Combat Casualty Care Research Program tells the Huffington Post, and scientists say that they think brain injuries developed during battle might bring up the likelihood of CTE occurring, which is characterized by bursts of anger and depression, and is believed to be able to impact motor skills and memory. And with 2.5 million Americans being able to call themselves veterans of the United States’ wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, an increasingly large proportion of them are showing symptoms of CTE.

“We don’t fully understand the incidence of CTE with the occurrence of traumatic brain injury,” Air Force Lt. Col. Randall McCafferty, chief of neurosurgery at the San Antonio Military Medical Center, adds to HuffPo. “But we may be able to learn that early treatment of the initial acute [brain] injury may avoid this cascade from brain injury to CTE.”

In some cases, military researchers add, they believe CTE is linked to instances of suicide.

So far research has suggested that those suffering from traumatic brain injuries are at a greater risk of CTE than others, which makes both soldiers and professional athletes alike more inclined to come up with a case of the disorder. More than 20 football players with the NFL have been diagnosed with CTE in the last few years, and at least two — former Chicago Bears star Dave Duerson and Hall of Famer Junior Seau — are believed to have suffered from CTE before committing suicide.

“It’s tragic that Dave Duerson took his own life, but it’s very meaningful that he recognized the symptoms of the disorder — it validates this condition,” Dr. Ann McKee, a neuropathologist, told the New York Times last year. According to the doctor, Mr. Duerson’s brain showed “no evidence of any other disorder.”

Speaking to NPR, author Chris Nowinski said that research conducted in only the last few years have allowed doctors to link CTE with athletes and others who are documented to have taken “too many blows to the head” during their professional career.

“So, you know, suicide is a very, very complex act; however, we do have a number of athletes with the disease who did commit suicide or multiple suicide attempts,” Nowinski tells NPR, “And suicide is linked to brain injury. So we need to investigate that further.”

But with CTE only being identified in recent years, the correlation between cases in the Armed Forces and suicide attempts have not been fully analyzed yet. Meanwhile, though, statistics released earlier this summer from the US Department of Defense reveal that the suicide rate for active duty servicemen in 2010 is around one-per-day.

“Four years ago we really did not understand this injury at all,” Dr. McKee tells reporters this week of the latest developments in the science community’s research into CTE. “Now we know it exists. We know it’s a problem.”

Politics, Legislation and Economy News

 

Government Overreach

 

Cops Allowed to Track Suspects by Phone without Warrants

 

The United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit has ruled, 2-1, that police officers have the right to acquire location data from cellphones so they can track suspects without having warrants. The ruling comes from a case involving Melvin Skinner, who was recently convicted as a drug trafficker. Skinner took part in a drug operation that was country-wide and was organized by James Michael West.

 

Skinner was convicted of the following counts: conspiracy to distribute and possession with intent to distribute over 1,000 kilograms of marijuana, conspiracy to commit money laundering, aiding and abetting the attempt to distribute in excess of 100 kilograms of marijuana. During his appeals of his convictions, the attorneys for Skinner said that when police used the GPS data from his phone to find him and arrest him, it violated the Fourth Amendment because it was a warrantless search.

 

“There is no Fourth Amendment violation because Skinner did not have a reasonable expectation of privacy in the data given off by his voluntarily procured pay-as-you-go cell phone,” Judge John Rogers wrote for the majority opinion. “If a tool used to transport contraband gives off a signal that can be tracked for location, certainly the police can track the signal.”

 

Christopher S. Shearer was pulled over by police with $362,000 in cash in January of 2006 while on the way to deliver the money for West to his marijuana supplier. That supplier was Philip Apodaca in Tucson, Arizona. Apodaca used prepaid cellphones he purchased with fake names to setup drug trafficking. Officers were given permission in May and June of 2006 to intercept communication between two phones in West’s name. A Tennessee federal magistrate judge wrote an order that permitted the prosecuting attorney to install a trap and trace device, a pen register and receive location data from the phone’s call origin and end locations.

 

Police were able to intercept calls between West and Shearer to learn of a driver named ‘Big Foot,’ who is Skinner. They found out where Skinner was going to be and he was arrested by police at a truck stop in Abilene, Texas. He was operating a ‘motorhome filled with over 1,100 pounds of marijuana.’

 

“Here, the monitoring of the location of the contraband-carrying vehicle as it crossed the country is no more of a comprehensively invasive search than if instead the car was identified in Arizona and then tracked visually and the search handed off from one local authority to another as the vehicles progressed,” Judge Rogers wrote. “That the officers were able to use less expensive and more efficient means to track the vehicles is only to their credit.”

Crossroads News : Changes In The World Around Us And Our Place In It

 

Environmental

 

China’s Coal Plans Will Exacerbate Water Crisis, Says Group

Greenpeace report urges regime to reconsider

By Annie Wu
Epoch Times Staff Created

 

A coal miner walks on coal on Aug. 19, 2006 in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. The regime's plant to vastly expand coal capacity in the area has met with criticism from environmentalists. (China Photos/Getty Images)

A coal miner walks on coal on Aug. 19, 2006 in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. The regime’s plant to vastly expand coal capacity in the area has met with criticism from environmentalists. (China Photos/Getty Images)

China plans to build 16 large-scale coal power bases, mostly in the western region of the country, by 2015, according to a Greenpeace report released on Tuesday.

In its 12th Five-Year Plan, China attempts to quash an ever-growing demand for electricity, nearly 70 percent of which comes from coal. The report titled “Thirsty Coal: A Water Crisis Exacerbated by China’s New Mega Coal Power Bases” strongly urges decision makers to reconsider the strategy and preserve the already limited water supply.

Greenpeace and the Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources collaborated on a study to estimate the water consumption of the 16 coal power bases. The study concludes: “This massive expansion of coal power bases goes against the country’s uneven distribution of water resources, and if China insists on going ahead with the plan, the already arid western China will suffer a series of water crises.”

Draining the Yellow River

These new coal power bases significantly threaten the survival of China’s second longest water source, the Yellow River. Plagued with pollution for more than seven years, which launched the initial water crisis, the Yellow River was known as the cradle of China’s ancient civilization. The river, previously supplied water to 12 percent of China’s 1.3 billion people and 15 percent of its farmland, according to a 2005 report by The Epoch Times.

Greenpeace reports that coal bases located in the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River dump more than 80 million tons of waste, which eventually flows into the river causing $11.5 billion yuan ($1.81 billion) to $15.6 billion yuan ($2.45 billion) of economic loss. Water has already been cut off in several cities due to pollution.

If five new coal power bases are constructed as planned, Greenpeace warns that the river will be further drained and residents will be deprived of even more water rights. “These five coal bases, proven to contain 41 percent of the country’s total coal reserves, are all located on the upper stream of the river. These ‘big five’ are all also heavy consumers of water, sucking the Yellow River’s tributaries up and causing them to run dry more frequently, and cutting off water that would otherwise feed into the Yellow River.”

Making Inner Mongolia Arid

The remaining 11 coal bases planned for further along the Yellow River in the already arid Inner Mongolia Territory, will gulp up 139.5 percent of its 2010 industrial water consumption by 2015, according the Greenpeace estimate. With only 1.6 percent of the country’s water source, the Inner Mongolia Region has already succumbed to irreversible damage to water supply, grasslands, and forests. The report indicates that already 73.5 percent of the grasslands are degraded.

The report predicts that by 2015 the annual water demand from Inner Mongolia’s coal sector will be about 3.1 billion cubic meters, “which is close to the total volume of water resources of the Xilin Gol grasslands,” the report said, referring to the rolling plains near Xilinhot, the capital of the province, covering more than 77,220 square miles on the Mongolian Plateau

Greenpeace also found that several big power companies directly invested in dam and reservoir projects in Inner Mongolia, taking away river water that naturally nourished grasslands.

To prevent a serious environmental crisis, Greenpeace suggested, “a strict and robust water demand assessment should be made on China’s coal-power bases … We suggest new evaluations are conducted on the water demand of all coal power development plans as soon as possible.”

Crossroads News : Changes In The World Around Us And Our Place In It

 

Whistle Blowers

 

Ecuador Grants Asylum to Assange, but UK Won’t Budge

By Jack Phillips
Epoch Times Staff Created

 

Wikileaks website founder Julian Assange leaves The Supreme Court on February 2, 2012 in London, England. (Peter Macdiarmid/Getty Images)

Wikileaks website founder Julian Assange leaves The Supreme Court on February 2, 2012 in London, England. (Peter Macdiarmid/Getty Images)

Ecuador on Thursday granted political asylum to WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange, who sought refuge in the Ecuadorean embassy in London, but the U.K. stressed that it will not allow him to leave for the Central American country.

Assange has been at the embassy for the past 59 days after a British court ruled that he should be extradited to Sweden to face questioning over alleged sex crimes.

Assange, however, has said that the allegations against him are politically motivated and are related to his website’s releasing of hundreds of thousands of sensitive U.S. diplomatic cables. He has expressed fears of being sent to the U.S. to face charges relating to the cables.

President Rafael Correa’s office said Thursday that there is “strong evidence” Assange’s extradition to Sweden “could jeopardize [his] safety” and said he could be sent to a third country.

Ecuador Foreign Minister Ricardo Patino said in a statement that he held talks with the British government and said the U.K. did not give an assurance that he would not be sent to a third country after being extradited to Sweden.

The British Foreign Office expressed disappointment over Ecuador’s decision and said the U.K. is “under a binding obligation to extradite him to Sweden” and it will “carry out that obligation.”

“The Ecuadorian Government’s decision this afternoon does not change that,” it added. “We remain committed to a negotiated solution that allows us to carry out our obligations under the Extradition Act.”

The Metropolitan Police have previously said they would arrest Assange as soon as he steps off the Ecuador embassy’s premises for breaking his bail conditions.

Patino said that British police were looking to “raid the Ecuadorian embassy in London” and strongly rejected the idea.

Crossroads News : Changes In The World Around Us And Our Place In It

 

Community

 

Published on Aug 13, 2012 by

“This is a Constitutional battle, and we’re going to defend our rights,” says Aaron Sandusky, the owner of a medical marijuana dispensary in Upland, California who now faces federal drug trafficking charges even though he was operating within California state law.

Reason.tv first profiled Sandusky in late 2011 in the midst of a federal crackdown on marijuana dispensaries across California, which occurred despite repeated promises from the Obama administration to lay off operators compliant with state law (Incidentally, the city of Upland, which initiated the legal action against G3, admitted in court that Sandusky was operating within state law). During the production of that video, Sandusky’s storefront and grow house were raided, his assets seized and his product destroyed. But Sandusky was undeterred and joined a lawsuit with several other dispensary owners, challenging the right of city governments to outright ban dispensaries. After a favorable ruling from an appellate court, Sandusky re-opened, and the city of Upland was powerless to stop him. But the Feds were not happy with this outcome.

Sandusky was arrested and charged with six counts of drug trafficking, some of which could carry a life sentence. He’s spent the last seven weeks in a county prison, just awaiting a bond hearing. He finally was granted bail last Friday and is now out on house arrest, where he awaits an October trial to decide his fate. He agreed to sit down with Reason.tv for an interview to discuss his case, the state of medical marijuana in this country, and why this is a cause for which he’s willing to risk it all.

“If I have to go to jail for 20 years defending this, then so be it,” says Sandusky.

About 6 minutes

Produced by Zach Weissmueller. Camera by Tracy Oppenheimer.

Visit http://reason.tv for downloadable versions, and subscribe to ReasonTV’s YouTube Channel to receive notifications when new material goes live.

 

Crossroads News : Changes In The World Around Us And Our Place In It

 

Signs Of The Times

 

EU-NATO forces free hijacked vessel

by Staff Writers
Brussels (UPI) Aug 16, 2012


disclaimer: image is for illustration purposes only

EU and NATO naval forces freed a ship commandeered by Somali pirates in the Gulf of Aden this week, even as the number of such attacks has dropped sharply.

Counter-piracy forces from the EU Naval Force Somalia’s Operation Atalanta and NATO said they acted on a tip from port authorities in the Somali territory of Puntland and, after a pursuit, freed the crew of a pirated sailing vessel in the Gulf of Aden Monday.

EU military officials said the operation began Aug. 8 when Puntland authorities reported a possible hijacking of a traditional sailing vessel, or dhow. It was spotted early Saturday by the EU naval vessel Lafayette, subsequently intercepted and boarded unopposed.

Armed forces, however, found the pirates had fled the vessel, leaving it and the crew in good condition. The crew said the pirates left on a second pirated dhow, the Bourhan Nour.

That ship was tracked down by another EU Naval Force unit, the German frigate Sachsen, which intercepted it late Sunday as it was heading south toward the Somali coast. Intelligence indicated the suspects were seeking to link up with other pirates there.

The Sachsen kept pressure on the ship and was joined by EU NAVFOR flagship ITS San Giusto as well as the NATO flagship HNLMS Rotterdam of the Netherlands, and it was decided to set a trap for them, Rotterdam commanding officer Capt. Huub Hulsker said in a statement.

“There was not really anywhere for them to go,” he said. “The situation was clear and some strict orders and two warning shots later, the suspected pirates surrendered.”

It took the EU-NATO boarding team 20 minutes to gain control of the dhow, separating the crew from the six suspected pirates.

The arrests came as figures from the International Maritime Bureau indicated pirate attacks perpetrated by Somalis have dropped sharply in the first half of 2012.

Somali piracy activity, it reported, fell from 163 incidents in the first six months of 2011 to 69 in this year, while the number of vessels hijacked also dropped from 21 to 13 during the period — including a hijacking-free monthlong period in June-July.

As of June 30, Somali pirates were known to be holding 11 vessels and 218 crew members, 44 of whom were being held ashore in unknown locations and conditions.

Somali piracy “continues to remain a serious threat,” IMB Director Pottengal Mukundan said.

“Somali pirate attacks cover a vast area, from the Southern Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, and Gulf of Oman to the Arabian Sea and Somali Basin, threatening all shipping routes in the northwest Indian Ocean,” he said.

The EU-NATO arrests this week demonstrated pirates are facing significant pressure from armed forces in the Gulf of Aden, said Commodore Ben Bekkering, commander of NATO’s counter-piracy mission.

“If they make it to the open sea, they find it increasingly difficult to stay undetected and find opportunities to attack merchant vessels,” he said. “That can be credited to a broad international effort and the effective coordination between many participants. In this case, NATO and EU worked closely together.”

 

Related Links
21st Century Pirates

Crossroads News : Changes In The World Around Us And Our Place In It

 

 

Nuclear Power Truths

 

 

Studies examine health consequences of meltdown, damage to Fukushima nuclear power plants in Japan

by Staff Writers
Chicago IL (SPX)

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

File image courtesy AFP.

The results of two studies in the August 15 issue of JAMA report on the psychological status of workers at the Fukushima nuclear power plants in Japan several months after the earthquake and tsunami in March 2011, and the amount of internal radiation exposure among residents of a city north of the power plant that experienced a meltdown.

As reported in a Research Letter, Jun Shigemura, M.D., Ph.D., of the National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan, and colleagues examined the psychological status of Fukushima workers 2 to 3 months after the disaster for symptoms of general psychological distress, including posttraumatic stress response (PTSR). The study included all full-time workers from the Daiichi plant (n = 1,053; plant experienced meltdown) and Daini plant (n = 707; plant experienced damage but remained intact) in May and June 2011.

Using a self-report questionnaire, the researchers assessed sociodemographic characteristics and disaster-related experiences, including discrimination/slurs because the electric company that managed these plants was criticized for their disaster response and the workers have been targets of discrimination. Measures of general psychological distress included feeling nervous, hopeless, restless/fidgety, depressed, and worthless in the last 30 days.

Of 1,760 eligible workers, 1,495 (85 percent) participated (Daiichi: n = 885 [84 percent]; Daini: n = 610 [86 percent]). The authors found that compared with Daini workers, Daiichi workers were more often exposed to disaster-related stressors. Experiencing discrimination or slurs was not statistically significantly different between groups (14 percent vs. 11 percent). The researchers found that general psychological distress and PTSR were common in nuclear plant workers 2 to 3 months after the disaster.

“Daiichi workers had significantly higher rates of psychological distress (47 percent vs. 37 percent) and PTSR (30 percent vs. 19 percent). For both groups, discrimination or slurs were associated with high psychological distress and high PTSR. Other significant associations in both groups included tsunami evacuation and major property loss with psychological distress and pre-existing illness and major prop�erty loss with PTSR.”

Study Finds Low Levels of Radiation Exposure to Residents of City North of Meltdown
In another Research Letter, Masaharu Tsubokura, M.D., of the University of Tokyo, and colleagues conducted a study to gauge the level of radiation exposure to residents of the city of Minamisoma, located 14 miles north of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant. “Release of radioactive material into the air, water, and soil raised concern about internal radiation exposure and the long-term risk of cancer in nearby residents,” they write.

Many residents were evacuated after the meltdown, but by August 2011, approximately half had returned. A voluntary screening program for levels of cesium, known to be representative of total internal radiation exposure, was conducted between September 2011 and March 2012 for all residents ages 6 years or older.

Total cesium exposure was converted into committed effective dose (sievert, Sv). Common dose-limit recommendations for the public are 1 mSv or less. A total of 9,498 residents enrolled in the study, 24 percent of the registered population on August 15, 2011.

The sample consisted of 1,432 children and 8,066 adults. A total of 3,286 individuals (34.6 percent) had detectable levels of cesium, including 235 children (16.4 percent) and 3,051 adults (37.8 percent). Committed effective doses were less than 1 mSv in all but 1 resident (1.07 mSv).

“To our knowledge, this is the first report on internal exposure to cesium radiation after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant incident. In this sample, exposure levels were low in most adults and children tested and much lower than those reported in studies years after the Chernobyl incident. Even the highest levels of contamination observed are below the thresholds for the administration of Prussian blue [an antidote used in the treatment of cesium poisoning],” the authors write.

The researchers note that because this screening program started 6 months after the nuclear power plant disaster, higher exposure levels might have been detected earlier, and that it is not possible to ascertain whether the low levels of exposure were due to low ongoing exposure or decay from high exposure values.

“Because data were collected from volunteers, the results may not be representative of the entire population in contaminated areas. No case of acute health problems has been reported so far; however, assessments of the long-term effect of radiation requires ongoing monitoring of exposure and the health conditions of the affected communities.”

 

Related Links
JAMA and Archives Journals
Bringing Order To A World Of Disasters
A world of storm and tempest
When the Earth Quakes

 

Crossroads News : Changes In The World Around Us And Our Place In It

 

Environmental

 

Widespread local extinctions in tropical forest ‘remnants’

by Staff Writers
Norwich UK (SPX)

WOOD PILE

 


File image.

The small fragments of tropical forests left behind after deforestation are suffering extensive species extinction, according to new research led by the University of East Anglia (UEA). Publishing in the journal PLoS ONE, the researchers carried out a comprehensive assessment to estimate the long-term impact of forest fragmentation and hunting on tropical biodiversity in Brazil.

They studied the Atlantic Forest of eastern Brazil, including the region’s largest and least disturbed old-growth forest remnants, and found that remaining habitat fragments had been virtually emptied of their forest wildlife.

White-lipped peccaries were completely wiped out, while jaguars, lowland tapirs, woolly spider-monkeys and giant anteaters were virtually extinct. Defaunation even extended to forest remnants with relatively intact canopy structures.

Widespread agricultural expansion has transformed the world’s tropical forests, leaving few remaining blocks of primary forests unaltered by humans. There have been scattered reports of large mammal extinctions throughout Brazil, but the conservation value of a rapidly growing number of small forest remnants in highly-fragmented tropical forest landscapes has been hotly debated.

Senior author Prof Carlos Peres, of UEA’s School of Environmental Sciences, said: “You might expect forest fragments with a relatively intact canopy structure to still support high levels of biodiversity. Our study demonstrates that this is rarely the case, unless these fragments are strictly protected from hunting pressure.

“There is no substitute for strict protection of remaining forest fragments in biodiversity hotspots like the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Protection of forest cover alone is not enough to sustain tropical forest species, as overhunting compounds the detrimental effects of small habitat area and isolation.”

Drawing on information from wildlife surveys and local interviews conducted at 196 forest fragments spanning a vast region covering 252.670 km2, Dr Peres worked in partnership with Dr Gustavo Canale of the State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT). They investigated the effects of anthropogenic landscape alteration and other impacts, such as hunting, on the survival of large vertebrate species.

The researchers travelled more than 205,000km by treacherous dirt roads to uncover the largest and least disturbed forest fragments left in this vast region of the Atlantic Forest.

“We uncovered a staggering process of local extinctions of mid-sized and large mammals,” said Dr Canale.

Around 90 per cent of the original Atlantic Forest cover (about 1.5 million km2) has been converted to agriculture, pasture and urban areas, and most of the remaining forest patches are smaller than a football pitch. On average, forest patches retained only four of 18 mammal species surveyed.

This study – the first to document the loss of five large tropical forest mammals from one of the world’s most endangered tropical biodiversity hotspots – highlights the critical importance of the few legally protected areas established in the Atlantic Forest.

“We found that the protected areas retained the most species-rich forest fragments in the region,” said Dr Canale. “We therefore recommend the implementation of new strictly protected areas, such as National Parks and Biological Reserves, including forest fragments containing populations of endangered, rare and endemic species, particularly those facing imminent extinctions.”

However, many of the existing protected areas are far from secure.
Prof Peres said: “A growing number of reserves are being degraded, downsized, if not entirely degazetted, so holding on to the last remaining large tracts of primary forests will be a crucial part of the conservation mission this century.”

With the global population projected to surpass nine billion by 2050, tropical forests will face increasing threats posed by anthropogenic land-use change and overexploitation.

“Human populations are exploding and very few areas remain untouched by the expanding cornucopia of human impacts,” said Prof Peres. “It is therefore essential to enforce protection in areas that are nominally protected ‘on paper’. The future of tropical forest wildlife depends on it.”

‘Pervasive defaunation of forest remnants in a tropical biodiversity hotspot’ by Gustavo R. Canale, Carlos A. Peres, Carlos E. Guidorizzi, Cassiano A. Gatto and Maria Cecilia Kierulff will be published online by PLoS One on Tuesday August 14.

 

Related Links
University of East Anglia
Forestry News – Global and Local News, Science and Application

Crossroads News : Changes In The World Around Us And Our Place In It

 

 

 

Impulsive micro-managers help plants to adapt, survive

by Staff Writers
East Lansing, MI (SPX)

FARM NEWS

 


Jen Lau, MSU biologist studied how plants and microbes work together to help plants survive the effects of global changes. Photo courtesy of MSU.

Soil microbes are impulsive. So much so that they help plants face the challenges of a rapidly changing climate. Jen Lau and Jay Lennon, Michigan State University biologists, studied how plants and microbes work together to help plants survive the effects of global changes, such as increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations, warmer temperatures and altered precipitation patterns.

The results, appearing in the current issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, showed that microbes in the ground not only interact with plants, but they also prompt them to respond to environmental changes.

“We found that these changes in the plants happen primarily because of what global changes do to the below ground microbes rather than the plant itself,” said Lau, who works at MSU’s Kellogg Biological Station. “Drought stress affects microbes, and they, in turn, drive plants to flower earlier and help plants grow and reproduce when faced with drought.”

The team conducted a multi-generational experiment that manipulated environmental factors above and below ground while paying close attention to the interaction between the plants and microbes in the soil. Close examination of this particle partnership revealed some interesting results.

Researchers already knew that drought stress reduced plant growth and altered their life cycle. The team was surprised, though, to observe that the plants were slow to evolve and, instead, microbes did most of the work of helping plants survive in new, drier environments. This happened because the microbes were quick to adapt to the changing environment.

This new found aspect of their relationship gives plants an additional strategy for survival, Lau said.

“When faced with environmental change, plants may not be limited to traditional ‘adapt or migrate’ strategies,” she said. “Instead, they may also benefit from a third approach – interacting with complementary species such as the diverse microbes found in the soil.”

Lau and Lennon’s research is funded in part by MSU AgBioResearch. PNAS paper

 

Related Links
Michigan State University biologists
Farming Today – Suppliers and Technology

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